El hormigón postensado básicamente es una de las versiones mejoradas del hormigón armado, puesto que es un material constructivo de hormigón con mayor resistencia a los esfuerzos de tracción, gracias a la aplicación de un nuevo sistema constructivo.
En general, el sistema constructivo que se usa para producir hormigón postensado es conocido como presfuerzo, el cual también sirve para elaborar hormigón pretensado, otra versión mejorada del hormigón armado.
Aquí puedes conocer la diferencia entre hormigón pretensado y postensado.
Post-tensioned concrete is more complex than reinforced concrete, which is why it is used in specific structures; mainly those in which heavy loads and complicated geometry are present.
What is post-tensioned concrete?
El hormigón postensado, u hormigón postesado, es un tipo de hormigón presforzado que es sometido a esfuerzos de compresión después del vertido y fraguado de la mezcla fresca de hormigón, es decir, cuando el hormigón se halla en sus primeras etapas de endurecimiento y desarrolla su resistencia característica.
The compressive stresses are caused by the tensioning of metallic reinforcement steel bars or cables, which are encapsulated in plastic or metallic “tubes” enclosed and placed during the formwork, carefully following the design specifications.
After the reinforcement cables are tensioned, they are anchored to the structure using of special components.
Post-tensioning, allows concrete to store additional compressive stresses that counteract the tensile stresses caused by heavy loads, and avoids the structural element to noticeably deform and crack.
Types of post-tensioning
Most of the post-tensioned concrete reinforcement plays an active part by creating additional mechanical stresses that interact with those caused by service loads. The remaining part of the reinforcement acts passively, anchoring or fixing the active pieces.
By the time the active post-tensioning reinforcement reaches the desired stress value, the steel cables that compose it are anchored to the structural element by the passive reinforcement. Once this is done, there are two options to finish the post-tensioning process:
Bonded post-tensioning
In this construction method, the active reinforcement conduits are filled by pressure with high-strength cement mortar to guarantee the adherence of the reinforcement to the conduit, creating a monolithic section. This way, the active steel reinforcement is prevented from seriously deteriorating due to corrosion.
Unbonded post-tensioning
In contrast to the previous method, the active reinforcement conduits are not filled in, which means the tensioned cables are only connected to the concrete by the anchor heads.
Generally, the reinforcement cables are coated with grease and are contained in plastic conduits, to reduce the environmental impact and guarantee their useful lifespan.
Characteristics of post-tensioned concrete
Although post-tensioned concrete is not a recent construction material, since it originated during the end of the XIX century, it currently presents a high level of innovation and optimization that gives it an endless number of characteristics. Among the most relevant we highlight the following:
Post-tensioned concrete elements require little maintenance due to their high mechanical strength and durability. However, the reinforcement demands protection against corrosion.
- Controla efectivamente la formación de fisuras y grietas causadas por retracción hidráulica y por flexión. Asimismo, posibilita la reducción de las deflexiones y vibraciones.
- Permite construir elementos estructurales de grandes luces, lo que implica la construcción de vanos largos apoyados por pocas columnas.
- Thanks to the additional compression forces, post-tensioned concrete structural elements have a greater rigidity, smaller transversal dimensions and are made up of less components, compared to reinforced concrete structural elements.
Use of post-tensioned concrete
As a general rule, post-tensioned concrete is used for structures that receive heavy loads and with large spans in between supports (spans). In these kinds of situations, its use is essential due to the overall cost of materials and weight of the structure, which would lead to cracking, deformation and reduction of the construction’s useful life.
However, the prestressed construction system when using post-tensioned concrete is significantly more complicated than using standard reinforced concrete, so usually the profit by gained by saving material costs tends to be minimized by the requirement of using specialized personnel and equipment.
Post-tensioned concrete has mainly been used to build cable-stayed bridges and is also widely used to build viaducts and concrete voussoirs.
On the other hand, post-tensioned concrete is also used in construction for making parking lots, industrial buildings, hotels, sports complexes, airports, auditoriums and other structures that have large spans.
Although post-tensioned concrete is frequently carried out in situ, it’s possible to purchase precast post-tensioned concrete structural elements, usually, precast post-tensioned concrete slabs and beams.
Advantages and disadvantages of post-tensioned concrete
Post-tensioned concrete stands out for its high mechanical resistance and the reduced transverse dimensions of the elements that form it. However, these technical advantages are followed by certain aspects that make the construction process difficult to carry out, due to the high level of precision and detail that is required in the design.
Thus, to obtain a complete perspective of post-tensioned concrete, its advantages and disadvantages are presented below:
Advantages of post-tensioned concrete
- It allows to reduce the transversal dimensions of structural elements, optimizing structural weight, mechanical resistance and reducing deformations and cracking.
- It enables the construction of structures that cover large spans and have a minimum number of columns.
It makes the use of construction materials more efficient. In other words, it economizes building materials.
Structural elements that require little maintenance.
Increases the average useful life of concrete elements.
- Facilitates the design of concrete structural elements with irregular geometry.
Post-tensioning is a versatile system that can be adapted to multiple construction situations and to the specific needs of the project.
Disadvantages of post-tensioned concrete
- It requires highly specialized labour and machinery.
- The design calculations for post-tensioned concrete elements are more complex and expensive than the traditional ones used to design reinforced concrete elements.
- Post-tensioned concrete structural elements are susceptible to corrosion.
- The cost of the post-tensioned concrete construction system is higher, due to the fact that the anchors are unrecoverable and that the reinforcement bars need to be inserted correctly inside the conduits.
- Extreme attention is required during the installation of the reinforcement anchors and their coating.
